All About the Ancient Roman Family

The Roman family was called familia, from which the Latin word family is derived. The familia could include the triad with which we are familiar, two parents and children (biological or adopted), as well as slaves and grandparents. The head of the family (referred to as the pater familias) was in charge of even adult males in the familia. See Jane F. Gardners Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life reviewed by Richard Saller in The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 1. (Feb. 2000), pp. 260-261. Purposes of the Roman Family The Roman family was the basic institution of the Roman people. The Roman family transmitted morality and social status across generations. The family educated its own young. The family tended its own hearth, while the hearth goddess, Vesta, was tended by state priestess called Vestal Virgins. The family needed to continue so that dead ancestors could be honored by their descendants and connections made for political purposes. When this failed to be motive enough, Augustus Caesar offered financial incentives to families to breed. Marriage The wife of the pater familias (the mater familias) might have been considered part of her husbands family or part of her natal family, depending on the conventions of the marriage. Marriages in Ancient Rome could be in manu in the hand or sine manu without the hand. In the former case, the wife became part of her husbands family; in the latter, she remained tied to her family of origin. Divorce and Emancipation When we think of divorce, emancipation, and adoption, we usually think in terms of ending relationships between families. Rome was different. Inter-familial alliances were essential for garnering the support needed for political ends. Divorces could be granted so that partners could remarry into other families to establish new connections, but the family connections established via first marriages need not be broken. Emancipated sons were still entitled to shares of paternal estates. Adoption Adoption also brought families together and allowed continuity to families that would otherwise have no one to carry on the family name. In the unusual case of Claudius Pulcher, adoption into a plebeian family, led by a man younger than himself, allowed Claudius (now using the plebeian name Clodius) to run for election as tribune of the plebs. For information on the adoption of freedmen, see The Adoption of Roman Freedmen, by Jane F. Gardner. Phoenix, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Autumn, 1989), pp. 236-257. Familia vs. Domus In legal terms, familia included all those under the power of the pater familias; sometimes it meant only the slaves. The pater familias was usually the oldest male. His heirs were under his power, as were the slaves, but not necessarily his wife. A boy without a mother or children could be a pater familias. In non-legal terms, the mother/wife could be included in the familia, although the term usually used for this unit was domus, which we translate as home. See Familia, Domus, and the Roman Conception of the Family, by Richard P. Saller. Phoenix, Vol. 38, No. 4. (Winter, 1984), pp. 336-355. Household and Family Religion in Antiquity, edited by John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan Meaning of Domus Domus referred to the physical house, the household, including the wife, ancestors, and descendants. The domus referred to the places where the pater familias exerted his authority or acted as dominus. Domus was also used for the dynasty of the Roman emperor. Domus and familia were often interchangeable. Pater Familias vs. Pater or Parent While pater familias is usually understood as head of the family, it had the primary legal meaning of estate owner. The word itself was usually used in legal contexts and required only that the person be able to possess property. The terms usually used to denote parenting were parens parent, pater father, and mater mother. See Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household, by Richard P. Saller. Classical Philology, Vol. 94, No. 2. (Apr. 1999), pp. 182-197.

Small Business Funding Options - 1170 Words

There are several advantages to accepting funding from a relative. The first, and most obvious, is that by entering into a partnership to pay back this relative, there is no high rate interest to worry about, as there would be with a bank loan. Also, the relative only has to agree to the assistance, instead of applying for bank approval. There is also no risk of depreciation, as there is with the stock market. However, there is also a very large risk with this type of funding. When using a short or long term loan with a bank, once approval is granted, the funding is guaranteed. When borrowing from a relative, he/she can decide at any time to stop funding for no particular reason. By loaning us money for our business, my relative†¦show more content†¦The disadvantage to an angel investor is that we will essentially be putting ourselves at their mercy, and any disagreements will not be taken lightly. In the event, however, we decide to secure a small business loan, the SBA (Small Business Administration) offers a loan guarantee up to $750,000, or 75% of individual loans made by private investors. While this sum is much too high for our start up, we do not necessarily have to request the most money possible. However, the SBA loan guarantee should be used as a last resort, as we must first show that we cannot obtain funding using conventional methods with reasonable terms. We must also offer a personal guarantee for the loan, and demonstrate a sufficient cash flow to repay the loan. In short, the risks associated with each type of funding available to us make our options limited. I believe the best and least risky options are credit cards, as they can assist us with replenishing our supplies, and have the appealing get it now, pay later mantra that is appealing when cash flow is limited. Grants are also a good option, as they are freeShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of a Partnership in Business994 Words   |  4 Pagesmain fundin g options for a small business and determine how management accounting can be of use to business executives especially in the areas of budgeting, incremental analysis and product costing. Lastly, in addition to identifying the basic components of the marketing process, I also discuss the role technology and social responsibility play in the marketing function. Partnership as a Form of Ownership: Pros and Cons A partnership according to Burrow and Bosijevac (2011) is a business thatRead MoreEssay On Angel Entrepreneurs870 Words   |  4 PagesWhile many investors and business owners do insist that an idea is the important element of any business entity, they also do concur that it is quite challenging to start, operate and sustain any business venture without capital. 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Dbq - the Bubonic Plague free essay sample

Physicians throughout Europe wrote what they thought and what other people did during the Black Death. Johann Weyer, a German physician, wrote, in his book The Deception of Demons, that children would pay people to give their parents the Plague â€Å"in order to obtain their inheritances more quickly. † People at the time didn’t know the Black Death was being spread by the fleas on the rats, so they believed in false cures and false causes. For example, some people thought God was punishing them for being sinful. Giovanni Filippo, a Sicilian physician, thought pest houses were needed to quarantine the infected, people who violate health regulations should be executed in order to frighten others, and that bonfires were needed to eliminate the infected. In his The Reform of Medicine, H. de Rochas, a French physician, saw many plague-stricken patients hang toads around their necks because they thought the Plague and its â€Å"venom† would be drawn out of them and into the toad. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq the Bubonic Plague or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page M. Bertrand, a physician from Marseilles, France, thought that the plague was caused by an angry God over a sinful and offending people. However, one must take into account the biases, or point of views, of: Weyer, Bertrand, Rochas, and even M. Bertrand because, physicians at the time of the Plague had no idea what was causing the Plague, or how it could be cured. Through letters, books, and diaries we can gather insight on peoples’ thoughts, and beliefs during the Bubonic Plague. Desiderius Erasmus, who is also known as The Prince of Humanism, wrote a letter which explained the cause of the Plague in England. He wrote that â€Å"The plague and sickness in England is due to the filth in the streets, the sputum, and the dogs’ urine clogging the rushes on the floors of the houses. The Black Death also created social and economical problems in Europe. In Nicolas Versoris’ Book of Reason, he wrote that the rich fled, which created a smaller workforce in Paris. People in Europe lost their faith, and hope throughout Europe. In her diary, Nehemiah Wallington, an English Puritan, expressed her fear, and her loss of hope and her faith. She thought of what would happen if the plague were to enter her house, which one of her family members would become infected with the plague, and then she thought about when she, herself, would become infected with the plague. Not only were children greedy but so were nurses. Miguel Parets, a Barcelona tanner, wrote in his diary, â€Å"Many times all they did was to make the patients die more quickly, because the sooner they died the sooner the nurses collected the fees the fees they had agreed on. † Samuel Pepys, and English naval bureaucrat, wrote in his Diary that people wouldn’t buy wigs anymore because they thought the hair had been cut off the heads of people that had died of the plague. People wore wigs to show off their wealth and power during this era. The Black Death discouraged many people from traveling, but it didn’t discourage everybody. Although the plague was violent in Rome, John Reresby, an English traveler, â€Å"resolved to trust to Providence rather than not to see so fine a place. † In written reports from people of different social classes throughout Europe, people wrote about how the Black Death affected Europe socially. Isolation was a common practice during the spread of the Bubonic Plague. People isolated themselves so that they don’t become infected or so that they won’t infect anybody else. A schoolmaster from the Netherlands wrote in a letter that the plague â€Å"killed twenty of the boys, drove many others away and doubtless kept some others from coming to us at all. † Count of the Palatinate and a traveler to Russia, Heinrich von Staden wrote that houses were immediately nailed up if the person from within became infected with the plague. Many died of either hunger, or of the plague within their own houses. Roads and highways became guarded so that a person couldn’t pass from one place to another. Daniel Defoe, an English writer, wrote in his Journal of the Plague Year that foreign exportation stopped and so did the trade in manufactured goods because the trading nations were afraid of getting the Black Death. In a legal deposition, an Italian housewife name Isabetta Centenni stated that when Sister Angelica del Macchia gave her husband Ottavio, who had a malignant fever, a piece of bread, which touched the body of St. Domenica, his fever suddenly broke. In a letter from Father Dragoni to the Health Magistracy of Florence, Father Dragoni, who is a priest, wrote,† I have accompanied severity with compassion and charity. I have managed and fed the convalescents and servants of two pest houses I have paid guards and gravediggers with the alms your lordships have sent me. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, which peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Through the eyes of physicians, firsthand accounts, and written reports we got to see what Europeans did, thought, and how the Black Death affected Europe socially. The ending of the Bubonic Plague, one of the biggest epidemics in human history, was also the start of one of the biggest cultural movements in human history, the Renaissance.

Social implications of business ethics free essay sample

In this task I have been asked to describe the social implications of business ethics facing a selected business in its different areas of activity and I have to assess the social implications of business ethics facing a selected business in its different areas of activity. The business that I will be linking it to British Airways. Human Resources Ethical issues relating to human resources are to confirm that discriminations is not a part of the selecting process. Value is what this should be encountered as it is important. Nationality, race, religion and age should not be based on in a negative way. British Airways should be very careful otherwise they will in trouble with the law and they will get a bad reputation. For example in 2012, a Christian woman felt discriminated against as BA told her to not wear her cross which gave BA a bad reputation with the Christian community. We will write a custom essay sample on Social implications of business ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ethics in Finance Lobbying means to approach an MP or minister, with requests for actions or information. The idea is to convince politicians to approve a particular cause or concern, in order to benefit it. This is an outward appearance of corruption. Moreover, another ethical issue is insider training, as this refers to illegal use of confidential information in dealing on a stock exchange. Executive pay is another problem that arises in the ethics of finance. The people who are executives receive high pay from the organisation, due to the anxiety of the public. The public were troubled as this used to be a concern because they seemed aware that the executives were getting paid high but not necessarily for doing their work well. In addition, if BA do not overlook on their financial statements linking to pay, other employees will feel unhappy due to the reason that the executives are getting high pay. The company ensures to adhere to corporate governance laws which aim to reduce fraud, corruption, and bribery and increased transparency. Not doing so would mean a threat to British Airways’ reputation and shareholders’ displeasure, which would have a negative impact on its share value and sales. Another ethics issue is the customers and the local community have not got so much money as they used to and the people are struggling to pay for holiday because of the economy. The air transport industry has faced major challenges in recent times the worst economic recession in 80 years. BA has had to adapt to the economic environment and has have to reduce the cost of goods otherwise they wouldnt meet their aims and objectives. Ethics in sales and marketing The pressure on businesses to improve profits through bigger sales often leads to instances where businesses employ unethical means to try to increase sales. An example of which a business can do this is spoofing, spamming and raising their own status. Spamming refers to sending emails to thousands of users similar to a chain letter. Spamming through email may be linked to spoofing as it would make it difficult to see who the originator of the email is. Raising their own status occurs when businesses place fake recommendations which may be coming from paid individuals. For example, a company paying the press to make them give the impression of being superior and could increase the reputation of the business. Firms may use its financial muscle power to run a heavy advertising schedule, this could be seen as a big competitive edge whether ethical or not. Others areas in which the company will maximize the exposure of its products are through sponsored corporate events and offering ‘freebies’. Whether this could be construed as bribes is a matter of opinion, but incentives can be used to persuade shopkeepers or other selling outlets to favour one company’s products over others. Ethics in intellectual property This allows people to own their creative work in the same way that they can own physical property. Rewards may be offered to the owner for their use. This motivates additional improvement and creativity to benefit everyone. There are four main types of IP, like trade marks for brand identity, for example Apple have their logo of an apple to give themselves an easy identify so that it would help people remember. Another implication of intellectual property is copyright for materials and their logo. This means that those other companies that are in the same business as British Airways cannot steal their ideas. British Airways lays out in its contract of employment to employees, the employee’s responsibility not to discuss any confidential information with any third party, and that any breaches in doing so could lead to instant dismissal. This is also communicated in regular employee meetings and on the company’s intranet. British Airways also has a legal and patents department to control and check for anyone deemed to be stealing the company’s intellectual property. Ethics in Competitiveness, reputation and public image The impact of these for British Airways could be the increase in shares. For example, due to the good and stable reputation that they have, the public would have a positive image of their business. As a result this would lead to an increase in shares as more customers would be purchasing their products. These factors are important as they help the business’s growth. If this was not the case for the British Airways, then they may lose customers. If these factors were not kept in practise, then it would have a negative impact on the business as well as stakeholders. For example customers would not be happy and the shareholders would not be satisfied because, customers may not purchase their products. This means that there would not be a huge increase on shares, so this effects the shareholders revenue. Ethics in environment Local air quality is a significant issue for people living in urban areas. It is often a limiting factor in any new development, including the growth of airports. British Airways are put under pressure by different pressure groups for polluting the local air quality around so they have to improve on the following areas: take off, new aircrafts, New Technology and Equipment. By doing this the local area will respect them more and pressure groups will not lay too much pressure on them. British Airways’ runs project called One Destination Carbon Fund which customer donations and uses them to support energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in communities up and down the UK. In conclusion I feel that this shows to me that BA has shown in all their operations that they would have to be careful in what they do. The depleting supplying of the world’s resources and the increasing ethical concerns of society means businesses and governments have an on-going challenge of addressing the social and business implications of the way they operate. For businesses to have a chance of continuing successful, they have to address these ethical demands. BA is a good example of how a company can address such issues. From looking at the business ethics, BA has revealed they are careful and aware of what they do and that they have offered protection under health and safety guidelines and employee regulations. BA has shown that they take business ethics seriously and is important for customers and shareholders. BA take these seriously as they have strict control over how it disposes rubbish and ensures that they find use in the production in which where they try to manage packaging where possible to decrease the level of wastage and pollution.